EnvironmentalChemistry.com

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The time it takes for one-half of the atoms of an unstable element or nuclide to decay radioactively into another element or nuclide The reactive nonmetals that are in Group 17 of the periodic table. All of these elements are electronegative. Any material or substance, which even in normal use, poses a risk to health, safety, property or the environment. Hazardous materials are broken down into n…

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the temperature scale used in chemistry, physics and some engineering calculations. Zero degrees Kelvin (-273 centigrade) is the temperature at which all thermal motion ceases. To convert from Kelvin into centigrade subtract 273 from the Kelvin temperature. the energy associated with an object because of its motion. the theory that states a gas consists of molecules in constant random motion. If …

Extremely short wavelength and intensely high-energy electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays originate from an atom's nucleus and normally accompany alpha and beta particles as part of the emissions of the radioactive decay of an atom and always accompany nuclear fission. Because gamma rays are energy and not matter, they are very penetrating and can cause damage to animal and plant tissues. Gamma …

Many parties are responsible for the decades-long PCB (Polychlorinated Biphenyl) contamination of the Hudson River. Who must ultimately pay the price for cleanup? Forensic chemistry helps identify the main polluter and pollutant. The Hudson River has had a reputation for being many different things since Europeans came on the scene. The Hudson, winding through the Adirondacks and the Palisades, w…

A Geneva Switzerland based association that regulates international air transportation and publishes annual regulations for air shipments of hazardous materials. Immediately dangerous to life and health. In the event of the accidental exposure to a chemical, this is the concentration below which an individual could escape within 30 minutes without experiencing any escape-impairing or irreversible…

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This dictionary contains definitions for most chemistry, environmental and other technical terms used on this site as well as many other chemistry and environmental terms. A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z Environmental Acronyms If you need to cite this page, you can copy this text: Kenneth Barbalace. Chemistry & Environmental Dictionary. EnvironmentalCh…

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How might this material present a hazard? This basic question drives the inquiries into characterizing any hazardous material. It should come up whenever a new chemical formulation or shipping container is considered. Because these changes influence the hazards, new risk and regulatory management may be needed. If the material is known, or suspected, to be an explosive the answer is especially im…

The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. This determines an element's structure, properties and location on the periodic table of elements. One-half the distance between two adjacent atoms in crystals of elements. This varies according to interatomic forces. The atomic mass of an element divided by its density. An Italian chemist who first stated the principle behind stoichiometry in 1811…

Chernobyl's accident was a turning point for the nuclear power industry worldwide. According to World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO), "It demonstrated clearly that nuclear power in some parts of the world was not safe enough." The association points out that the accident "caused such a negative opinion of nuclear energy that, should such an accident occur again, the existence and future …

The electron configurations of the atoms of the elements vary periodically with their atomic number. Consequently, all properties of the elements that depend on their electron configuration tend also to change with the increasing atomic number in a periodic manner. an arrangement of elements in a geometric pattern designed to represent the periodic law by aligning elements into periods and groups…

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A chemical bond between atoms formed by the sharing of valence electrons. The effective size of a nucleus in capturing a thermal neutron (slow neutron). Larger cross sections have a greater probability of neutron capture. The atomic arrangement of the atoms of an element when it is in its solid state. Similar to the CAA, the CWA placed controls on disposal facilities generating ash quench-water, …

In spite of the health benefits provided by omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils, people are decreasing fish in their diets due to high levels of mercury found in some fish. Elevated levels of Mercury, a toxin affecting cognitive development in unborn children, is being found in many species of fish raising health concerns from eating mercury laden fish. Unfortunately, fish oil also contains Om…

Guidelines for municipal waste combustors developed by EPA in 1986 that were intended to add consistency and reduce delay and confusion in the permitting process. A measurement of area equal to E -24 cm2. Compounds that when dissolved in water increase the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH). Bases are proton acceptors. Substances with a pH greater than 7 are considered to basic. a charged parti…

In May 1996 a colleague sent me an article from Chemical and Engineering News (C&EN) about the Chernobyl nuclear reactor accident. I set it aside, thoroughly intending to write about it at a later time. I might have totally forgotten about it had I not unexpectedly encountered a young man from Belarus who provided a real face and a real personality that I needed to identify with the catastrophe. …