Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remains one of the most common and distressing adverse events after anesthesia and surgery, with important effects on patient comfort, recovery quality, discharge readiness, and healthcare resource use. Although advances in anesthetic techniques, antiemetic pharmacology, and enhanced recovery pathways have improved perioperative care, PONV continues to occ…
BackgroundAnticholinergic drugs are commonly used as premedication in clinical practice. The effects of premedication of atropine, penehyclidine, and glycopyrrolate on postoperative delirium in older patients remain unclear.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to observe the effects of premedication with atropine, penehyclidine, and glycopyrrolate on postoperative delirium (POD) in older patients u…
