In the therapeutic hypothermia era, intracranial hemorrhage is increasingly detected in term and near-term neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), yet its clinical significance remains heterogeneous and is often oversimplified. This review uses a pattern-based approach for venous system–related intracranial hemorrhage in neonatal HIE, with particular emphasis on cerebral sinovenous t…
BackgroundNeonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) stands as a primary cause of neonatal brain injury, mortality, and long-term neurodevelopmental impairment, imposing a considerable burden on public health systems worldwide. Despite advances in clinical practice, accurate early diagnosis and reliable severity stratification of HIE remain formidable challenges when relying solely on convent…
