Annals of Internal Medicine

BACKGROUND: Whether direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are a safe and effective alternative to warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and mitral stenosis (AF-MS) remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of DOACs versus warfarin in patients with AF-MS. DESIGN: Observational cohort study using target trial emulation. SETTING: Population-wide insurance claims…

The global burden of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) continues to rise, placing increasing demands on primary care and specialty practices alike. Beyond disease control, patients with IBD face heightened risks related to chronic inflammation and long-term immunosuppressive therapy, including infection, cancer, bone loss, nutritional deficiencies, and mental health disorders. Proactive, structur…

Perioperative cardiovascular management involves the assessment and identification of risks in patients undergoing surgery, as well as development of a plan for mitigation of those risks during and after the procedure. It includes risk stratification, which provides guidance for preoperative testing and perioperative management in patients at high risk while avoiding overscreening in those at low…

BACKGROUND: Hallux rigidus, or osteoarthritis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint (MTPJ), causes pain and functional limitation. No randomized trials have compared surgery with the natural course of the disease. OBJECTIVE: To compare first MTPJ arthrodesis-a widely used surgical intervention-with watchful waiting in reducing walking-related pain in symptomatic hallux rigidus at 12 months after…

Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (contract no. 75Q80120D00007/75Q80124F32010). (PROSPERO: CRD42024617257).

National Natural Science Foundation of China.

This article describes the new EtD framework, which now includes 2 corresponding parts for reviews of pairwise and multiple comparisons. The authors describe application to a review with multiple comparisons for the different parts of the EtD framework: the question definition, which now includes the presentation of values of health outcomes and decision thresholds; the assessment section, where …