For an extended period, musical training has been recognized as a key enhancer of children's development, particularly affecting executive functions. This three-level meta-analysis examines the influence of musical training on executive functions in children aged 3-12 and identifies key moderating factors. The study analyzed 46 original research articles, encompassing 192 effect sizes from a total of 3,530 participants. The results demonstrate that musical training significantly enhances children's executive function [g = 0.350, p < 0.001, 95% CI (0.247-0.453)]. The longer the duration and cycle, the greater the impact of musical training on children's executive function. In collectivist countries, musical training is more effective. Among the sub-dimensions of executive function, inhibitory control showed the most significant improvement due to musical training. The discussion explores the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.