Liver transplantation (LT) is a critical intervention for end-stage liver disease, while complications, such as infections, graft rejection, and metabolic disturbances are common post-transplant. The gut microbiota-bile acid (GM-BA) axis plays a pivotal role in regulating liver function and overall health, influencing both the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. This review explored the complex interplay between the gut microbiota (GM) and bile acids during liver transplantation. It also di