Chronic non-healing wounds, including diabetic ulcers, venous leg ulcers, and pressure ulcers, represent a significant clinical burden worldwide, associated with major economic costs and impaired quality of life. Although stem cell–based therapies have shown regenerative potential, recent accumulating evidence indicates that their therapeutic effects are primarily mediated by paracrine signaling rather than direct cell engraftment. Stem cell–derived secretome, which consists of soluble bioactive