Oral administration is the most prevalent and preferred clinical route due to its non-invasiveness, high patient compliance, and convenience. However, the oral delivery of many therapeutic drugs is hindered by low bioavailability, attributed to multiple gastrointestinal (GI) barriers including acid degradation, enzymatic hydrolysis, poor epithelial permeability, and first-pass metabolism. Liposomes have emerged as promising oral nanocarriers owing to their biocompatibility, versatile drug-loadin
Surface modification strategies of oral liposomes: functional design and barrier enhancement
Junming Li
