Underground excavations in complex flysch formations are frequently affected by hydrogeological hazards resulting from lithological heterogeneity, mechanical anisotropy, and groundwater-induced degradation of weak rock masses. This study proposes a hybrid methodological framework that integrates the geotechnical mission requirements of EN 1997 (Eurocode 7) with Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) to support real-time prediction and selection of stabilization measures during tunnel excavation. The framework was validated through the analysis of a tunnel section excavated in highly degraded Category V flysch, where repeated hydrogeological failures provided the basis for evaluating the proposed approach. By combining geotechnical supervision, monitoring data, and MCDA-based decision support, the methodology enabled rapid identification and prioritization of the most effective mitigation measures, particularly advance drainage and systematic self-drilling anchor installation. The implemented measures significantly improved excavation stability, reduced ground deformation to acceptable levels, and prevented further collapse events along the remaining tunnel alignment. The proposed EN 1997-MCDA framework offers a practical and transferable decision-support methodology for managing hydrogeological risks in underground excavations, improving construction safety, reducing uncertainty in engineering decisions, and supporting more reliable tunnel design and construction in complex geological conditions.
Predicting and mitigating hydrogeological hazards in complex geological formations: the hybrid EN 1997-MCDA approach for flysch tunnels
Ahmed Mušija

