From urge to action: an integrative neuropsychological model of tic generation in Tourette syndrome
Fabio Lugoboni
BackgroundTourette syndrome (TS) has traditionally been conceptualized as a movement disorder characterized by involuntary motor and vocal tics. However, growing evidence suggests that tic generation involves complex interactions between neural, physiological, and psychological processes, particularly the role of premonitory urges (PU).ObjectiveThis paper aims to develop an integrative model of tic generation by synthesizing recent evidence across neurobiological, neurophysiological, and psychol