From probiotic depletion to inflammatory cascade: multi-omics reveals the temporal progression of sleep deprivation-induced gut-liver axis disruption in mice

IntroductionSleep deprivation (SD) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for metabolic and hepatic disorders, yet the temporal dynamics linking gut dysbiosis to liver injury remain poorly characterized.MethodsIn this study, we established a platform-based SD model in a total of 24 C57BL/6J mice (n = 4 per group per weekly time point) over 3 weeks and systematically investigated the weekly progression of gut microbiome alterations, hepatic metabolite profiles, and liver injury markers using