ObjectivesThis study aimed to explore the sex-specific regulatory effects of empagliflozin on gut microbiota in male and female diabetic kidney disease (DKD) mice, and to elucidate the underlying renoprotective mechanisms.MethodsFour-week-old db/db mice and C57 mice were randomly assigned to six groups. Following 8 weeks of empagliflozin gavage, serum metabolic indices and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) were measured. Renal pathological alterations were evaluated via hematoxylin-eosin