BackgroundCeramide, acting as an important second messenger, plays a pivotal role in the induction of apoptosis in cancer cells. As one of the active prenylflavonoid ingredients in Epimedium, icariside I (GH01) has been shown to exhibit significant anticancer activity. However, the mechanism by which GH01 induces tumor cell apoptosis by targeting ceramide-orchestrated signaling remains unclear.PurposeThis study aimed to analyze the potential mechanism of GH01 for cancer therapy by generating cer