Culture supernatants from human-derived commensal bacteria alleviate DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis through modulation of inflammatory and barrier-associated pathways

IntroductionAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by immune dysregulation, impaired epidermal barrier function, and recurrent episodes of itching and inflammation. Emerging evidence suggests that skin-resident microbiota influence host immune responses and may modulate AD pathogenesis. Here, we investigated the anti-inflammatory, barrier-restoring, and neuro-supportive effects of culture supernatants (CSs) derived from skin-resident bacteria.MethodsHuman ke