BODIPY-based photosensitizers have attracted great interest in cancer phototherapy and immunotherapy due to their tunable structures, excellent photostability, and high molar extinction coefficients. However, conventional BODIPY dyes have inherent limitations, such as poor water solubility, shallow tissue penetration, oxygen dependence, and insufficient single-modality efficacy. To address these, recent studies have used molecular engineering (ring fusion, electronic modulation, supramolecular a