Post-stroke motor dysfunction is one of the leading causes of acquired disability worldwide. The induction and maintenance of neuroplasticity constitute the core mechanisms underlying motor function recovery. Conventional open-loop brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) lack real-time closed-loop feedback and are therefore unable to reliably activate the “temporal contingency” principle required by Hebbian synaptic remodeling, resulting in limited rehabilitation efficacy. Multimodal closed-loop BCIs i