Toxicology and detoxification processing of Fuzi (Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux lateral root): a comprehensive review integrating historical perspectives and modern research
Jie Zhang
Fuzi, the processed lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux (Ranunculaceae), is a vital yet highly toxic botanical drug in traditional Chinese medicine. However, its narrow therapeutic window, driven by highly toxic diester-diterpenoid alkaloids (DDAs), necessitates rigorous processing. Adhering to the four pillars of best practice in ethnopharmacology, this review systematically evaluates the toxic components, multi-organ toxicological mechanisms, and detoxification-oriented processing me