This study investigates the intensity of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect across Lahore District and its surrounding urban and peri-urban areas. Landsat satellite data were utilized to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of LST, identify UHI zones, and assess changes in land use and land cover (LULC), the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), the Normal…
