Exploring land use/land cover changes and their effect on land surface temperature and urban heat island: a case study of Lahore, Pakistan
Ayyoob Sharifi
This study investigates the intensity of Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect across Lahore District and its surrounding urban and peri-urban areas. Landsat satellite data were utilized to examine the spatiotemporal patterns of LST, identify UHI zones, and assess changes in land use and land cover (LULC), the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI), the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), and the Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI). The buil