The Journal of Infectious Diseases

Abstract Background Individuals with HIV remain at higher risk of non-communicable diseases associated with interleukin-6-specific (IL-6) inflammation compared to the background population. Despite antiretroviral therapy, some individuals exhibit persistent hyperinflammation. We characterise these understudied longitudinal profiles and distinguish the predictors of chronic versus acute inflammati…

Abstract Background Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) infection causes clinically distinct diseases in primary infection or viral reactivation. Primary infection manifests as exanthem subitum (ES), a common childhood febrile exanthem; whereas reactivation is associated with drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), a severe cutaneous adverse reaction. The immune mechanisms underl…

Abstract Background Despite continued control efforts, malaria due to Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum remains endemic across the Amazon Basin. Here, we sought to understand how malaria parasites spread between sources and sinks within the upper Juruá Valley region of northwestern Brazil, the country’s main residual transmission hotspot, to inform more effective control and elimination strategi…

BACKGROUND: Persistent intestinal carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) carriage challenges infection prevention and antimicrobial stewardship. We evaluated fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for decolonization and response-associated recipient microbiome features. METHODS: This prospective cohort study assessed intestinal CPE clearance in 131 adult carriers (68 receiving FMT; 63 und…

OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate machine learning-based diagnostic models for IPA using data available within 24 hours of ICU admission, construct three model versions for different healthcare settings, and derive a bedside score for rapid risk stratification. METHODS: This prospective multi-center cohort study enrolled immunocompromised patients with pneumonia complicated by respiratory failur…

BACKGROUND: Activation of the host immune system is a promising strategy for treating hepatitis B (HBV). The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway acts as an innate immune sensor for viral DNA. We aimed to determine whether STING activation can inhibit HBV replication in the liver. METHODS: We evaluated STING expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and liver bi…

BACKGROUND: OVX033 is a potential universal sarbecovirus vaccine candidate targeting the highly conserved SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein. Preclinical studies have demonstrated cross-variant protection and favorable tolerability. This first-in-human trial evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a single intramuscular dose of OVX033 in healthy adults (18-49 years). METHODS: In this randomiz…

Abstract Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) provides limited protection against tuberculosis relapse. We investigated whether adjunctive immunotherapy targeting B cells enhances BCG-mediated protection in a murine model of latent tuberculosis. While BCG alone had modest effects, adjunctive immunotherapy with recombinant APRIL significantly reduced relapse. Protection was associated with selective remo…

Abstract Introduction Infants are at risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. We characterized the humoral immune response of infants with primary RSV infection. Methods Term infants hospitalized for RSV-acute respiratory infection (ARI) or non-RSV–ARI (controls) were enrolled from November 2018 through March 2020 at 5 pediatric medical institutions. Adult controls were women a…

BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a major global health challenge, and current vaccine strategies provide limited protection. Cabamiquine (CBQ), a Plasmodium translation elongation factor 2 inhibitor, arrests parasite growth during both the liver and blood stages of infection and may promote protective immune responses during controlled parasite infection. METHODS: We evaluated whether CBQ-based infect…

BACKGROUND: Phage therapy is a promising approach for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, but its clinical development is limited by knowledge gaps in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) and potential emergence of resistance. METHODS: We performed in vitro time-kill assays to study the effect of three anti-staphylococcal phages (V1SA019, V1SA020, V1SA022) against t…

Abstract Objectives Although extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacterales (ESCrE) are a global health challenge, molecular data from low- and middle-income countries are limited. We employed whole-genome sequencing to characterize ESCrE in community and healthcare settings in Botswana. Methods Study isolates were collected from three hospitals and six outpatient clinics in Botswana,…

Our IPDMA supports the revision of current pediatric EMB dosing guidelines for the treatment of tuberculosis. Our findings aim to ensure adequate drug exposure across all pediatric weight bands, while also accounting for toxicity and challenges related to formulation implementation and adherence.

These data encourage the further development of TSCV to address a pressing public health problem in young children of sub-Saharan Africa.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccination is recommended in pregnancy. Limited data exist regarding antibody (Ab) durability to inform revaccination timing. We conducted prospective cohort studies among pregnant and older adults after first RSV vaccination in 2023-2024. Longitudinal samples from 50 pregnant (36 vaccinated) and 16 vaccinated older adults were collected until 12-15 months after…

These findings demonstrate that Chinese isolates exhibit distinct clinical, virological, and pathological phenotypes in cynomolgus macaques, underscoring the value of this model for recapitulating aspects of CCHF disease, for pathogenesis research, and for evaluating medical countermeasures.