ObjectiveInsomnia Disorder (ID) is associated with significant health burdens. First-line treatments are limited by accessibility or side effects, necessitating alternative approaches. rTMS, a noninvasive neuromodulation technique, has shown promise in treating various neuropsychiatric disorders by modulating cortical excitability. This comprehensive meta-analysis explores the effect of rTMS on ID and identifies possible factors that influence it.MethodsA comprehensive search of the Cochrane Lib