Evolution and transmission landscape of the staphylococcal msrA gene mediating resistance to 14-membered macrolides and type B streptogramins
Mamuka Kotetishvili
IntroductionStaphylococcus species, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, are leading opportunistic pathogens responsible for a wide range of infections, with antimicrobial resistance—including high rates of macrolide resistance—severely limiting treatment options. The msrA gene encodes the ABC-F protein MsrA, which mediates inducible resistance to 14-membered macrolides and type B streptogramins. Despite its clinical and epidemiological relevance, the evolutionary forces, selective pressures, and