Current insights into bacterial secondary infection following influenza A virus infection

Influenza A virus (IAV) continues to pose a substantial challenge to global health, not merely through primary viral pneumonia but largely due to lethal secondary bacterial complications. Pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae capitalize on the physiological “storm” induced by IAV, leading to significantly exacerbated morbidity. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of the multifaceted mechanisms that dismantle host antibacterial de