Competition between protein-RNA clustering and phase separation drives re-entrant phase behavior of hnRNPA1

Nature Communications, Published online: 28 April 2026; doi:10.1038/s41467-026-71939-2 RNA levels control phase separation of RNA-binding proteins in cells. Here, the authors show that high RNA concentrations suppress hnRNPA1 phase separation by inducing the formation of nano-sized protein-RNA clusters in the dilute phase, which convert to amyloid fibrils more slowly than condensates.