Timing of exercise differentially modulates fear memory and hippocampal neurotransmitters in male rats

Exercise promotes neurogenesis and enhances memory consolidation while reducing the retention of aversive memories and anxiety-like behaviors. While our previous work found that acute exercise alters neurotransmitter concentrations, including dopamine and serotonin, in a time-of-day-dependent manner, the long-term effects of chronically timed exercise on neurotransmitter dynamics and behavioral phenotypes remain unclear. To examine whether the daily timing of a chronic exercise intervention modu