Hydroxyapatite particles substituted with Pd ions for remarkable antibacterial performance

Abstract The increasing threat of bacterial infections to human health has positioned the development of antibacterial materials as a critical global research priority. Recently, hydroxyapatite (HAP), which is chemically similar to the main components of bone and teeth, has attracted considerable attention as a promising antibacterial material due to its ability to inhibit bacterial adhesion and proliferation through electrostatic repulsion. However, hydroxyapatite exhibits lower antibacterial..