BackgroundIncomplete immune reconstitution (INR) affects 9%–45% of ART-treated people living with HIV (PLWH) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Chronic immune activation and inflammatory signaling, particularly via the IP-10/CXCL10 pathway, are central to its pathogenesis. Whether Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F (TwHF), an immunomodulatory agent with established anti-inflammatory properties, can improve CD4+ T-cell recovery in virologically suppressed PLWH with INR remains u