BackgroundPhysical activity levels modulate the gut microbiota and thereby influence health status. However, few studies have focused on rural populations. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing the gut microbiota of rural residents under different physical activity levels.MethodsA total of 311 rural residents (range: 18–90 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Physical activity levels were assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Gut m