Multisystem regulation of reward and addiction: beyond the dopaminergic system
Ernst Pöppel
Addiction to illicit drugs remains a major global health challenge that requires integrative efforts across neuroscience, psychiatry, and pharmacology. A deeper understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying addictive behavior is essential for developing effective and targeted interventions. It is increasingly recognized that addiction cannot be fully explained by dysfunction within dopaminergic circuits alone but rather reflects maladaptive interactions across distributed neuromodulatory and