Effects of hydromorphone for patient-controlled intravenous analgesia on postpartum depression and sleep disorders after cesarean section: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial
Wei Wang
BackgroundPostpartum depression (PPD) is a significant concern in obstetrics. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hydromorphone in patient-controlled intravenous analgesia (PCIA) on PPD and sleep disorders following cesarean section.MethodsA total of 140 parturients undergoing elective cesarean section under combined spinal-epidural anesthesia, with singleton full-term pregnancy and aged 22–35 years, were enrolled from July to December 2025 at Jiangning Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing