Out-of-Equilibrium Confinement Catalysis Mediated by Compressive Force

Biological systems utilize continuous energy inputs, such as light or chemical fuels, to sustain non-equilibrium states essential for life. In contrast, synthetic systems typically dissipate energy toward equilibrium, revealing a fundamental thermodynamic disparity compared to biological systems. Here, we demonstrate that mechanical force, delivered via ball-milling, serves as a unique energy source to drive endergonic coordination self-assembly inaccessible through conventional stimuli....