Protective effects of multi-strain probiotics against polystyrene nanoplastic-induced parotid gland toxicity: role of NRF2/HO-1 and NF-κB pathways
Adem Kara
BackgroundPolystyrene nanoplastics (NPs) represent emerging environmental contaminants with potential adverse effects on salivary glands. This study investigated the protective effects of multi-strain probiotics against NPs-induced toxicity in rat parotid glands.MethodsForty male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated into five groups (n = 8): control, NPs (10 mg/kg), probiotics (1010 CFU), NPs + probiotics low dose (109 CFU), and NPs + Pro high dose (1010 CFU). Treatments were administered orally f