A retrospective and in silico study on the augmentation of risperidone in the treatment of adolescent treatment-resistant depression: efficacy evaluation, adverse reaction analysis, and molecular mechanistic insights

BackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) in adolescents remains a significant public health challenge. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) affects a substantial proportion of cases and is associated with chronic symptoms, comorbidities, and elevated suicide risk. Standard treatments frequently show limited success, leading to off-label consideration of atypical antipsychotics as augmentation agents. Risperidone has shown promise in adults, but data in adolescents are limited. This retrospectiv