Nature Reviews Neuroscience, Published online: 06 August 2026; doi:10.1038/s41583-026-01072-y Neural oscillations across a range of frequencies contribute to the cerebellum’s roles in perception, prediction and action. Koch and colleagues describe the microcircuit dynamics through which cerebellar rhythms arise, their influence on cerebellar computations and the potential for precision neuromodulation of cerebellar oscillations to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders.