Autonomic imbalance and vascular injury in hypertensive chronic kidney disease: mechanisms and clinical potential of ultrasound-guided sympathetic blockade
Weiwei Zhang
Hypertensive Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) constitutes a significant global health burden, characterized by a vicious cycle of hypertension and progressive renal decline. Autonomic imbalance, specifically sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal, is increasingly recognized as a central driver of this pathophysiology, interacting with traditional hemodynamic factors such as RAAS activation and volume overload. This review aims to elucidate the deep-seated mechanisms by which autonom