Eucommia ulmoides extract and soy isoflavones attenuate postmenopausal osteoporosis by modulating bone—specific transcription factors and inflammatory signaling pathways

BackgroundPostmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is driven by estrogen deficiency, enhanced osteoclastic activity, impaired osteoblast function, and persistent inflammatory signaling. Eucommia ulmoides extract (EUE) and soy isoflavones (Isf) are known to possess phytoestrogenic and anti—inflammatory properties, but their combined molecular effects on PMO remain unclear.MethodsAn ovariectomy—induced PMO rat model was used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of EUE, Isf, and their combination. Bone stre