Prediction of hormone receptor status in breast cancer brain metastases using an MRI-based multimodal deep learning framework

IntroductionBreast cancer brain metastases (BCBMs) represent a severe neurological complication affecting 10–20% of patients with metastatic breast cancer, with significant implications for treatment planning and prognosis. Accurate determination of hormone receptor (HR) status is critical for guiding personalized therapeutic strategies. However, traditional biopsy-based assessment is invasive, carries procedural risks, and may not capture the molecular heterogeneity of multiple metastatic lesio