BMC Public Health

Abstract Background Time spent in tertiary education can be crucial in establishing practices and attitudes that last a lifetime. Although higher education institutions can be one of the main promoters of health, students seem to be a particularly vulnerable group, exposed to constant pressure for academic results and to various stimuli with consequences for their health. It is common to find psy…

Abstract Background Hormonal changes throughout life in women are associated with menarche, pregnancy, lactation, and menopause. Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CMM) has become increasingly common with population aging. However, the impact of such fluctuations on CMM has not been evaluated. This study aims to investigate the associations of female sex-specific risk factors with CMM and four cardi…

Abstract Background Physical activity is a promising non-pharmacological intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the most effective intervention regimen remains unclear. This study aimed to compare and rank the effects of different types and doses of physical activity on social communication, stereotyped behaviors, and motor skills in individuals with ASD, thereby pr…

Abstract Background espite Iran’s ban on e-cigarettes since 2012, their use continues among adults due to complex individual, social, and cultural factors. Qualitative evidence exploring these determinants in Iran remains limited. This study examined the motivations and experiences of adult e-cigarette users aged 19–52 years in southern Iran. Methods A qualitative study using thematic analysis, g…

Abstract Background Commercial motorcycle riders are among the most vulnerable road users in low- and middle-income countries, with poor visibility contributing significantly to road traffic injuries, particularly under low-light conditions. While visibility materials such as reflective jackets and functional lighting systems are effective, low-cost safety measures, their use remains inconsistent…