Sensors

Vehicle-mounted vision sensing, in which cameras on patrol vehicles acquire ground-level imagery across a road network, offers a low-cost, scalable approach to large-scale road surface monitoring and pothole detection. However, its real-world effectiveness depends not only on detector accuracy on curated imagery but also on two rarely reported factors: field acquisition conditions and pipeline ar…

Reliable partial discharge (PD) assessment of air-insulated medium voltage (MV) metal-clad switchgear is challenged by the close proximity of adjacent units and the noise environment generated by control, relay, and mechanical or electromechanical equipment within the substation. Combined sensing approaches have been employed to identify primary PD sources and distinguish them from interference s…

Action quality assessment in vocational fitter training is constrained by limited expert-annotated data and insufficiently interpretable predictions. To achieve accurate scoring and rubric-aligned, auditable explanations with limited data, this study proposes RESC, a rubric-guided error–score consistency framework. RESC uses human pose as its primary visual evidence and converts an instructor rub…

This paper presents a study of position-dependent signal propagation delay in large-pitch pixelated AC-coupled Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (AC-LGADs). In AC-LGADs, a continuous resistive N+ layer and segmented AC-coupled readout electrodes enable charge sharing and simultaneous timing and position measurements. However, lateral signal transport in the resistive layer can introduce a position-dep…

Radio-spectrum prediction can support proactive channel verification, sensing scheduling, and access decisions in unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) systems. However, existing evidence remains fragmented across UAV-oriented prediction, label-efficient learning, and deployment-oriented efficiency. This article presents a structured critical review of studies identified in IEEE Xplore, Scopus, and the W…

Heterogeneous sensor systems generate measurements in incompatible physical units, which complicates their direct integration with photonic stochastic processors. This study proposes an architecture-level event-oriented frontend that converts heterogeneous sensor channels into unified event-oriented probabilities and then into Bernoulli bitstreams compatible with polarization-encoded optical inte…

Prohibited item detection in baggage X-ray images remains challenging because object overlap, partial occlusion, and cluttered backgrounds often obscure target boundaries. These factors make discriminative structural cues difficult to preserve in complex luggage scenes. This study proposes YOLO11-ORS, an occlusion representation and background redundancy suppression network built upon YOLO11n. Th…

This paper investigates joint computing and relaying for multiuser task offloading in a wireless-powered mobile edge computing (MEC) system comprising an energy node (EN), an edge server (ES), and multiple energy-harvesting users. One user is selected as the helper for the remaining task users. Each task user partitions its workload among local computing, cooperative computing at the helper, and …

Fault diagnosis in distributed systems is challenged by complex service dependencies, cascading anomaly propagation, and similar symptom patterns. This paper proposes a knowledge-enhanced iterative reasoning framework that integrates large language models (LLMs) with a numerical domain knowledge graph (KG). The KG encodes fault–symptom relations, anomaly directions, and training-derived mean and …

Industrial anomaly detectors emit binary alarms, but production lines need graded dispositions. Calibrating alarms into fault probabilities requires ground truth, coming only from noisy human review treated as exact. We report a deployed closed loop on a reciprocating-compressor line (46,023 units, nine test campaigns, four fused detector legs). A stratified review of 1161 units audited a fusion-…

The precise detection and pose estimation of electric vehicle (EV) charging ports in unstructured outdoor environments remain challenging due to small sizes, variable illumination, and stringent tolerance requirements for robotic plug-in operations. To address these issues, this paper presents a hybrid perception framework that integrates an attention-embedded detection network with geometrically…

Photon-counting computed tomography (PCCT) represents a detector-level transformation in CT imaging. Unlike conventional energy-integrating detectors, photon-counting detectors directly convert individual X-ray interactions into electrical pulses and classify them according to energy. This architecture enables electronic-noise rejection, smaller detector pixels, improved geometric dose efficiency…

Model-based systems engineering (MBSE) takes Systems Modeling Language (SysML) as the industrial standard modeling language, yet cloud Large Language Model (LLM)-based SysML generation faces limited domain data, model hallucinations, high hardware cost and confidential data leakage risks. This paper builds a 914-sample SysML PlantUML corpus and proposes a fully offline lightweight framework based…

The physical condition of insulators on electrical transmission lines is critical for system reliability. Early fault detection such as broken discs or flashovers prevents outages and accidents. Traditional inspection methods are costly and difficult, driving demand for UAV-based autonomous systems. This article proposes a novel dataset enhancement method and a cascade deep learning model for det…

Frame-based RGB image sensors and event-based vision sensors provide complementary sensing capabilities for human-perceptual imaging and machine vision. RGB image sensors capture dense spatial, color, and texture information that is essential for human-viewable imaging, semantic recognition, and conventional image signal processing pipelines. In contrast, dynamic vision sensors (DVSs) and event v…

This article presents the implementation and technical feasibility evaluation of the multimodal sensing and feature-level fusion layer of BLEXER v3, a broader serious-game ecosystem under development for upper-limb rehabilitation. The implemented framework integrates Kinect-based motion tracking, Polar H10 and Bangle.js physiological sensing, wearable accelerometer data, and facial affective cues…

Background: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) remain one of the most prevalent occupational health problems worldwide. To prevent the development of these WMSDs in an office space, a chair designed for office monitoring capable of accurately identifying ten representative seated postures and measuring environmental factors was developed and validated. Methods: To evaluate office work…

Age-related sarcopenia involves structural and functional neuromuscular changes. Electrophysiological measures from surface electromyography (sEMG) capture activation dynamics, spectral fatigue indices and motor unit properties that may constitute objective signatures of sarcopenia. The objective of this work is to systematically review sEMG features, fatigability metrics and AI-based classificat…

Data-driven surrogate methods are increasingly applied to real-time structural health monitoring of critical engineering systems, but their use is often limited by the computational cost of high-fidelity finite element (FEM) simulations. This work proposes an FEM-based machine learning framework combining FEM, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Random Forest regression to reconstruct full-fi…

High-resolution online sensors are now common in environmental process systems, yet turning their non-stationary, heterogeneous observation streams into reliable predictions of the underlying process state remains difficult. The statistical distribution of a sensor stream changes over time, the measured variables do not coincide with the state variables of interest, and repeatedly running a mecha…