Suppose data are fitted to some parametric model but that the true model happens to be one with an additional parameter. When a parameter is to be estimated one can use likelihood estimation in the wider model or in the narrow model. Including the extra parameter in the model means less bias but larger sampling variability. Two basic questions are addressed in this article. (i) Just how much misspecification can the narrow model tolerate? In the context of a large-sample moderate misspecificatio