Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is a major early-life stressor associated with long-lasting neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive alterations. Increasing evidence from human studies indicates that PAE leaves persistent molecular signatures that can be detected in the placenta and in clinically accessible biological fluids. This Mini Review summarizes recent advances in the identification of epigenetic, immune, endocrine, and RNA-based biomarkers measured in placental tissue, umbilical cord blood