Emotional intelligence (EI) and self-regulated learning (SRL) have emerged as central constructs for explaining why some students sustain engagement and achieve academically under pressure while others succumb to burnout and inefficiency. This mini-review synthesizes theoretical and empirical work on the association between EI and SRL and on the psychological pathways through which the two jointly shape academic engagement and performance. We first situate the EI–SRL relationship within self-regulation theory and contrast the ability and trait models of EI, specifying how each maps onto distinct components of SRL—ability EI onto metacognitive monitoring and strategy selection, trait EI onto motivational persistence—and noting that evidence consistently supports a positive EI–SRL association but diverges on effect sizes, mediating mechanisms, and boundary conditions related to culture, educational level, and measurement. We then map the multiple mediating and moderating mechanisms, self-directed learning, academic and creative self-efficacy, the engagement–burnout balance, social support, and metacognitive regulation, that translate EI into academic outcomes, highlighting evidence that EI frequently exerts its influence indirectly and that the relative importance of each pathway varies with context and developmental stage. Because much of this evidence derives from nursing and medical samples, we also delimit the populations to which the pathways can currently be generalized. We further review intervention research indicating that EI and SRL are trainable competencies whose cultivation can improve performance and reduce burnout, while cautioning that methodological limitations may inflate reported effects. Finally, we identify key gaps, fragmented theory, neglect of cultural variation, scarcity of longitudinal designs, and the need for rigorous, technology-integrated interventions, and outline directions for moving from understanding psychological pathways to optimizing educational practice. Together, these findings position EI and SRL as core, cultivable psychological resources for student success and underscore the value of integrative, context-sensitive, and developmentally informed research.