A methodological protocol for multimodal profiling of conversational abilities in mandarin-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder
Xia Chi
IntroductionDevelopmental Language Disorder (DLD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition that affects both the structural and pragmatic aspects of language. Conversational abilities—including topic initiation, maintenance, repair, turn-taking, and the integration of non-verbal behaviors—are essential for social communication and peer relationships. While a substantial body of research has described conversational difficulties in DLD among English-speaking populations, there is limited evidence