Surgical sperm retrieval techniques like PESA, MESA, TESA, TESE, and micro-TESE help men with azoospermia and severe male infertility achieve biological fatherhood through IVF-ICSI. PESA and MESA are commonly used for obstructive azoospermia, while micro-TESE offers higher sperm retrieval success in non-obstructive azoospermia. This expert guide explains how each procedure works, success rates, risks, recovery, and which technique is best for different infertility conditions based on recent clin