Titanium and its oxide TiO2 attract great interest as they can improve the bioactivity of traditional orthopedic implantable devices. The thin native oxide TiO2 is thermodynamically and chemically very stable. A high strength:weight ratio, good biocompatibility, and biological inertness make it one of the most commonly used orthopedic materials. Compared to other commonly used metallic materials it has a much lower elastic modulus and thus reducing the extent of stress shielding of the...