Recent observations, particularly from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), have revealed unexpectedly massive compact objects and rapidly emerging galactic structures at very early cosmic times. Although these findings do not invalidate the empirical success of the standard ΛCDM cosmological model, they expose conceptual and interpretive concerns that motivate a reassessment of its foundational assumptions. In this study, we present the Dynamic Universe (DU) framework, which examines the zero
The dynamic universe: space as a spherically closed zero-energy system
Tuomo Suntola
