fields and particles in particle physics and in the standard model of particle physics: photon - electromagnetic field (abelian Yang-Mills field) W, Z, B-boson - electroweak field (Yang-Mills field) gluon - strong nuclear force (Yang-Mills field) graviton - field of gravity infraparticle matter field fermions (spinors, Dirac fields) (also: antiparticles) hadrons (bound states of the above quarks) bosinos: dark matter candidates Exotica The field of quantum field theory started out as a description of the fundamental particles that are observed in experiment, such as electrons and photons. However, even so, abstractly the formalization of the concept of a particle within QFTs is somewhat subtle. If the quantum field theory is on Minkowski space and comes with a Hilbert space of states on which the Poincare group of translations, rotations, and boosts in Minkowski space acts, the massive particle excitations of the theory can be found in the discrete spectrum of the time translation operator as the irreducible unitary representations of the