Faecal inflammatory protein markers in children with autism spectrum disorder are comparable to their healthy siblings
Kristina Kumer
BackgroundAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition often accompanied by gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Inflammatory proteins in stool have been proposed as potential biomarkers, but evidence remains inconsistent. We compared fecal levels of α1-antitrypsin (A1AT), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and calprotectin (Cal) in 57 children with ASD and 57 biological siblings without ASD. Sibling designs are now preferred to disentangle ASD-specific biology from shared environmen