Bretherton, Robert Arthur: THE EXACT DERIVATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL CONSTANT — SUSAN’S CONSTANT (S) — FROM FIRST PRINCIPLES

ABSTRACT For over 300 years, since Isaac Newton first described the force of gravity, the fundamental gravitational constant (G) has only ever been known as an approximate, measured value — roughly 6.67430 × 10⁻¹¹ m³ kg⁻¹ s⁻². No one has ever been able to derive it exactly from first principles, or explain where this number comes from. It has been called “The Shame of Physics” — the biggest missing piece in our understanding of the universe. This paper presents the first complete, exact derivati