Sex-divergent intrinsic brain function in Parkinson’s disease: elevated nigral fluctuations and premotor-visuospatial coupling in female patients

IntroductionCortical and subcortical alterations in brain intrinsic function have been widely reported in Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, sex differences in brain intrinsic function in PD are poorly understood. This study aimed to examine sex differences in spontaneous brain intrinsic function in PD and their associations with neuropsychological measurements.MethodsUsing Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) resting-state fMRI, we compared amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (